Scientists Discover Novel Microbes in Antartica that Rewrite the Rules of Life’s Genetic Code

Scientists uncover a rare genetic twist that could transform how proteins are designed and manufactured

Researchers studying various microbes from few coldest and extreme environments on Earth have discovered something remarkable: a completely new way of how life reads its own genetic instructions.

A recent study published in Science, researchers have revealed that certain archaea and ancient microbes do not follow the standard genetic “dictionary”, which is used by almost all living organisms. Instead, they have rewritten one of its most fundamental rules.

Generally, DNA uses three-letter “words,” called codons, to tell the cells how to build proteins. Out of 64 possible codons, 61 code for amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, while the other three codes act as stop signals, telling the cell to stop protein production. One of these stop signals is UAG.

But the researchers found that in some archaea, including one that thrives in icy Antarctic lakes, UAG is not “stop.” Instead, it codes for a rare amino acid called pyrrolysine. Meaning, these microbes use 21 amino acids as a substitute of the usual 20 and only two stop signals instead of three.

This discovery matters far beyond Antarctica. By understanding this unusual code, scientists may be able to reengineer bacteria to build custom-made proteins with completely new properties. Earlier, the researchers successfully modified E. coli bacteria to read altered code, proving it can work outside its natural environment.

Experts say this hidden genetic flexibility could open new pathway to develop new medicines, advanced materials, and smarter bioengineering. This breakthrough again shows that even the smallest organisms can hold world-changing secrets to help the humankind.